Curriculum And Syllabus For Classes XI & XII

One Paper

 3 Hours

70 Marks

1.

 Introduction, Units and Measurement

2. Vectors and scalars, vector addition and multiplication by a real number, resolution of vectors in a plane rectangular components, vector multiplications (dot and cross), null-vector and its properties, vectors in 3-dimension, basics of calculus-derivative as a rate measurer, maxima and minima (basic concepts), integral calculus (relation between summation and integration, evaluation of integrals of the type

            ∫ x ⁿ dx ∫ a^b . x ⁿ dx and ∫dx /x

Uniform motion, its graphical representation and formulae, speed and velocity, relative velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graph, position-time graph, position-time graph and formulae ; instantaneous speed, velocity and acceleration. General relation between position and velocity; application to uniformly accelerated motion, acceleration in general one-dimensional motion, moment of couples, rectangular components. Motion with uniform velocity and acceleration in 2 and 3 dimensions and projectile motion.

Force and inertia, first law of motion, momentum, second law of motion, impulse, forces in nature (gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear forces). Third law of motion and conservation of linear momentum, rocket propulsion ; equilibrium of concurrent forces ; kinds of friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication ; inertial and non. inertial frames (elementary ideas only), angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration, radial acceleration, centripetal and centrifugal forces and their applications.

Work done by a constant force units of work. Kinetic energy and potential energy and power. Elastic collisions in one and two dimensions. Potential energy of spring. Different forms of energy, conservation of energy.

Interdependence of Newton’s laws of motion, centre of mass of a 2-particle system, generalisation to n-particles, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion, C.M. of a rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion of a particle in a plane, torque. angular momentum-its geometrical and physical meanings, conservation of angular momentum, examples (car on a level circular road, banked road conical pendulum). Rigid body rotation and conservation of its angular momentum, Moment of Inertia ~ parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, Formulae for the M.I. of a circular disc, rectangular lamina, a cylinder (both hollow and solid); examples of 2-dimensional rigid body motion (mass point on a string wound on a cylinder, cylinder rolling without slipping).

Newton’s law of gravitation, gravitational constant 'G' (without determination); gravitational field, potential near the earth's surface ; gravitational mass ; one dimensional and two-dimensional motion under gravity; acceleration due to gravity variation in acceleration due to gravity of the earth, geo-stationary satellites; escape velocity, orbiting velocity and relation between them Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

(i) Atomic hypothesis, Brownian motion, Avogadro’s hypothesis, Avogadro’s number. Interatomic and intermolecular forces. Solids : properties peculiar to solids, crystalline and glassy (amorphous) solids, Hooks’s law, Young’s modulus, stress versus strain, bulk modulus, pure shear, rigidity modulus, applications

(ii) Liquids : Pressure inside a liquid, Pascal’s law, hydraulic press ; lift pump, siphon, Torricellis’ experiment. atmospheric
pressure, height of atmosphere. Archimede's principle and floatation (a brief review only). Surface tension and surface energy, capillary of liquids; viscosity, coefficient of viscosity ; stream line and turbulent flows, Reynold’s number. Bernoulli’s theorem.

(iii) Gases : Boyle’s and Charles’ laws and absolute temperature, general gas laws. Kinetic theory of gases-pressure, kinetic
energy and temperature gas laws. Avagadro’s number. Brownian Motion.

Ideal gas thermometer, thermal expansions of solid, liquid and gas ; specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure and relation between them. Calorimetry, measurement of high temperature by the principle of calorimetry. Change of state, latent heats of fusion and vaporisation of water and their determination. First law of thermodynamics, mechanical equivalent of heat and its determination (joule’s method); thermodynamic processes ( reversible, irreversible, isothermal and adiabatic); heat engines, second law of thermodynamics, efficiency of heat engine, Conduction, convection and radiation,

Saturated and unsaturated vapour pressure, relative and absolute humidity, dew point ; wet and dry bulb hygrometers.

Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion, uniform circular motion and SHM due to loaded spring and liquid in U-tube. K.E. in SHM. Simple pendulum. Forced vibration and resonances, damped oscillations. Wave motion, principle of superposition's - beats and interference. Reflection of waves ; harmonic waves ; standing waves and progressive waves. Newton’s formula and Lap lace's correction for velocity of sound in air, effect of temperature, pressure and humidity on the velocity of sound in gases. Doppler effect; Acoustics of building ( idea of reverberation only), musical scale.

The constituents of the universe-planets, star and galaxies; energy sources of stars, stellar evolution, large scale structure and the evolution of the universe (concept only).

PRACTICAL

At least 6 experiments from each section are to be performed in the class. However, each candidate will be required to perform two experiments in examination of 3 hours duration.

Distribution of Marks :

EXPERIMENTS

Section A

1. To measure the diameter of a small spherical or cylindrical body with the help of a vernier calliper.
2. To find the volume of the given metallic rectangular block by measuring its dimensions with a vernier calliper.
3. To measure diameter of a wire by using a screw guage and find its C.S. area.
4. To find the thickness of a glass plate using a spherometer.
5. To measure the time period of a simple pendulum by using stop clock and to study the law of length.
6. To measure the weight of a given body using the parallelogram law of vectors.
7. To determine the specific gravity of a solid using a hydrostatic balance.
8. To determine the specific gravity/density of a liquid or solid by nicholson’s hydrometer.

Section B

1. To measure surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
2. To determine the water equivalent of a calorimeter by the method of mixture.

3. To measure the young’s modlus of a given metal wire.
4. To find spring constant of a helical spring by measuring time period of vertical oscillations of a known load and check by measuring its extension by a known force.
5. To verify the relation between frequency and length of a stretched string using sonometer.
6. To verify the relation between length and tension for constant frequency, of a stretched string using sonometer.
7. To compare the frequencies of two tuning forks using the resonance tube and to determine the end correction.
8. To determine the velocity of sound in moist air with the help of resonance tube.

Books Recommended

1. Physics - A Conceptual Approach Vol. 1 by S.P.
Bhatnagar, Scholar Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. Modern ABC of Physics Vol. 1 by S. K. Gupta, Modern Publishers.
3. Concepts of Physics Vol. 1 & 11 by H,C. Verma, Bharti Bhawan Publication.
4. Physics Part 1 & 11 by Robert Resnick and David Halliday, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
5. Senior School Physics by R. S. Gupta , A. K.Kavathekar and P.C. Chhabra, Frank Bros , New Delhi.

Textbooks (Practical) Recommended

1. A Textbook of Practical Physics by 0. Kuber Singh.
2. Intermediate Practical Physics by N. N. Ghosh, Bharti Bhawan Publication.

Class XII

Units

Frictional electricity, charges. conservation of Charges, elementary units, Coulomb’s law, electric field due to a point charge, conductors and insulators, free and bound charges in a conductor, concept of dielectric constant, electrostatic potential, potential at a point due to a point charge, electric field as gradient of potential ; electric dipole, dipole field and behaviour of dipole in a uniform electric field; electric flux, electrostatic induction, Gauss’s theorem (proof in simple geometry -spherical Gaussian surface with charge at the centre)-its application to find field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge, to prove Coulomb’'s law; capacitance, parallel plate capacitor with air as a medium and dielectric medium between the plates, series and parallel combination of capacitors, energy of a capacitor, Van de Graff generator, atmospheric electricity.

Electric current, sources of e.m.f. (simple, secondary cells) ; Ohm’s law ; resistance of different materials, temperature dependence of resistance, specific resistance, colour code of resistance, resistances in series and parallel, Kirchhoff's law ;
Wheatstone’s bridge and its application in metre bridge ; principle of potentiometer .its application for comparing e.m.f. of two cells.

Electric power, heating effect of current , joule’s laws ; thermoelectricity (seebeck effect), Fa Faraday’s Law of electrolysis (not verification ) , E.C.E., application of electrolysis.

Oersted’s observation, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field due to a straight wire, a circular loop and a solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic field; forces and torques on current loops in a magnetic field, forces between two parallel current carrying conductors, definition of ampere; moving coil galvanometer and its conversion into ammeter, and voltmeter.

Natural and man-made magnetic , properties of a bar magnet , magnetic dipole as current loop , magnetic moment, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Lines of force in a magnetic field. Comparison of bar magnet and solenoid Earth’s magnetism, tangent law and galvanometer; dia, para and ferromagnetism ( basic ideas only ).

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction, self and mutual induction. Co-efficient of self and mutual inductance, growth and decay of current in L.R. circuit. Alternating currents, root mean square values of current and e.m.f.; reactance, impedance, power in A.C. circuits with L.C. and R. series circuits ( Phasor diagram). Electrical machines and devices-transformer, induction coil, choke, starter and A.C. generator.

History of electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, microwaves, infra-red, optical, ultra violet, x-rays and gamma rays their uses and propagation.

Photometry-Bunsen’s grease spot photometer; luminous intensity, luminous flux ,illuminance. Reflection at curved mirrors ; refraction and total internal reflection; refraction through curved surfaces, lenses, lens maker’s formula. Dispersion of light due to prism, spectrometer its use for the determination of refractive index of the material of a prism. Spectra-absorption and emission.

Primary rainbow, scattering of light in atmosphere.

Wave front and Huygen’'s principle. Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface ; Young’s double slit experiment of interference, diffraction due to a single slit ;linearly polarised light ; Doppler effect.

Simple and compound microscopes ; telescopes-refracting (Astronomical), reflecting (Newtonian ), magnifying power and resolving power ; human eye and defects of vision.

Electrical conduction in gases, production and properties of cathode rays. Thomson’s experiment for e/m of electron, charge of electron by Millikan’s oil drop experiment. Photoelectric effect, particle nature of light, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photocells.

Alpha scattering experiment and Rutherford’s atomic model , Bohr model ,energy quantization , hydrogen spectrum, composition of a nucleus, atomic masses , isotopes, size of a nucleus. Radio-activity- alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties, radio-active decay. Mass energy and mass defect ; nuclear fission, chain reaction, nuclear fusion.

Energy bands in solids-conductors, insulators, and semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semi~ conductors , pn-diodes, transistors, diode as rectifier, transistor as amplifier and oscillator ; logic gates-AND, OR and NOT.

PRACTICAL

• Minimum of 10 experiments (5 from each section).

• Students will be required to undertake two experiments ( one from each section ) in the examination conducted by the Council. Distribution of marks will be as follows :

Section A

List of Experiments

1. To study current voltage relationship ( Ohm’s law) using an ammeter and voltmeter and to find out unknown value of the resistance.
2. To find unknown resistance using Wheatstone’s bridge (meter bridge).
3. To verify law of combination of resistances (series/ parallel) using post office box.
4. To determine specific resistance of the material of a wire using a meter bridge.
5. To compare the e.m.fs. of two primary cells using a potentiometer.
6. To determine the E.C.E. of copper using copper voltmeter.
7. To determine the value of H using a tangent galvanometer by measuring the current with the help of an ammeter.
8. To plot magnetic field of a bar magnet and earth together and to field  netural points for the positions- (a) n-pole pointing north and (b) n-pole pointing south.
9. To determine internal resistance of a primary cell using a potentiometer.

Section B

1. To find the values of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and find its focal length.
2. To find focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph between (i) u and v and (ii) l/u and I/v.
3. To find focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens.
4. To find focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens.
5. To determine refractive index of a material of a convex lens using lens Maker's formula and measuring radii of curvatures with a spherometer.
6. To study variation of angle of deviation with angle of incidence for a glass prism by pin method and to determine the refractive index of the material of the prism.
7. To determine the refractive index of the material of a plano convex lens using a spherometer.
8. To draw the characteristic curve in forward bias pn-junction.
9. To study AND, OR and NOT gates using diodes and transistors.

Books Recommended

1. Concepts of Physics VOI. 1 & 11 by S P. Verma, Bharti Bhawan Publication.
2. Modern ABC of Physics Vol .II by S.K. Gupta,Modern Publishers.
3. Physics : A Conceptual Approach by S.P. Bhatnagar, Scholar Publishing House.
4. Physics Part 1 & 11 by Resnick and Halliday, (Wiley Eastern Ltd. now New Age International (P) Limited)
5. Senior School Physics by R.S. Gupta,A.K, Kayathekar, P.C. Chbabra and Saini Published by Frank Bros.

Text Books (Practical) Recommended

1. A Textbook of Practical Physics for Class XII by 0. Kuber Singh.
2. Physics Practicals for Class XII by S.B. Singh, MacMillan Pvt. India.
3. Intermediate 'Practical Physics by N.N. Ghose, Bharati Bhawan Publication.